To make a temporary slide of eukaryotic cells

Experiment No. 2                          Date: ____________

Aim: To make a temporary slide of eukaryotic cells

Material required: A bulb of onion, watch glass, forceps, brush, needle, slide, cover slip, safranin stain, glycerine, blade and microscope

Procedure:

1.     Take a piece of onion bulb and break it to get a transparent membrane peel.

2.     Using a blade cut the membrane into a piece of approximately 2 sqmm; discard the remaining parts.

3.     Stain this section of membrane with safranin in a watch glass. Use a brush or forceps.

4.     Wash this stained part with water to remove the excess stain.

5.     Using a brush or forceps, place this section on a clean slide; put some glycerine on it. Place a clean cover slip over it using a needle.

6.     Remove the excess glycerine using a blotting paper.

7.     Observe the slide under a microscope.

Observation:

1.     Several layers of rectangular, compactly packed cells can be seen under the microscope.

2.     A cell wall is seen around the cell and a well defined nucleus can be seen inside each cell. 

3.     Intercellular spaces are not found between the cells.

Precautions:

1.     The membrane must be placed in a single layer on the slide; not in double layers.

2.     The slide must be neat and clean and without air bubbles.

3.     Focus the microscope carefully without allowing the objective lens to touch the cover slip.

Worksheet Biology Class 12 Chapter 11

 Worksheet     Biology  Class 12        Chapter 11     Name___________________ Roll no. _____

1.      The full form of EFB is ________________________.

2.      The two core techniques that enabled birth of modern biotechnology are:

_____________________________ and __________________________

3.      The techniques of genetic engineering include creation of rec_________________________ , use of gene ___________________ and gene __________________.

4.      ___________________________ are also called molecular scissors.  

5.      The plasmid acts as ______________ to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it.

6.      The three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism are:

(i)                 Identification of ________ with desirable __________

(ii)               Introduction of the indentified _______ into the _________

(iii)             Maintenance of introduced ______ in the _______ and _________ of the ________ to its progeny.

7.      Name any two restriction enzymes: ______________________and ____________________

8.      In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragment is stained in _________________ and is exposed to ________ light.

9.      The process of separating and extracting of DNA fragments from the gel piece by washing with chemicals is called __________________.

10.  Origin ______________________ or ori is a sequence of from where __________________ starts.

11.  Ampicillin resistance gene and Tetracycline resistance gene are considered useful ___________________.

12.  Micro-injection and gene gun are used to introduce ______________ into the host cells.

13.  The full form of EFB is ________________________.

14.  The two core techniques that enabled birth of modern biotechnology are:

_____________________________ and __________________________

15.  The techniques of genetic engineering include creation of _________________________ , use of _____________________ and ____________________.

16.  ___________________________ are also called molecular scissors.  

17.  The plasmid acts as ______________ to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it.

18.  The three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism are:

(i)                 ______________________________________________

(ii)               _____________________________________________

(iii)             ________________________________________________________________________

____________________________.

19.  Name any two restriction enzymes: ______________________and ____________________

20.  In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragment is stained in _________________ and is exposed to ________ light.

21.  ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________is called elution.

22.  Origin ______________________ or ori is ______________________________________________.

23.  Ampicillin resistance gene and Tetracycline resistance gene are _____________________________

_________________________.

24.  Micro-injection and gene gun are ____________________________________________________.  

25.  Draw a diagrammatic representation of recombinant DNA technology.

Worksheet Biology Class 11, Chapter 4, Animal Kingdom

Name ______________________ Roll no. ______ Worksheet Biology Class 11, Chapter 4, Animal Kingdom

1.      Match the columns A, B and C.                                                                                            15

	A Zoological Name	B Common Name	C Phylum or Class
1	Balaenoptera	Turtle	Reptilia
2	Psittacula	Blue whale	Mammalia
3	Chelone	Parrot	Reptilia
4	Testuda	Portuguese man-of-war	Aves
5	Euspongia	Liver fluke	Cnidaria
6	Physalia	Tortoise	Porifera
7	Fasciola	Bath sponge	Annelida
8	Wuchereria	Filaria worm	Aschelminthes
9	Pheretima	Earthworm	Platyhelminthes
10	Limulus	Star fish	Arthropoda
11	Pinctada	Pearl oyster	Mollusca
12	Asterias	Sting ray	Chondrichthyes
13	Petramyzon	Toad	Amphibia
14	Trygon	King crab	Echinodermata
15	Bufo	Lamprey	Cyclostomata

 

2.      Fill in the blanks:                                                                                                                     15

1.      Pseudocoelom is present in ________________________phylum.

2.      Symmetry in echinodermata is ______________________.

3.      Comb plates are found in _____________________ phylum.

4.      Worm-like creatures with proboscis and collar are found in _______________ phylum.

5.      Reptiles have ____________ chambered heart, except _________________ which has ______________ chambered heart.

6.      Water canal system is found in _______________ phylum while water vascular system is found in __________________ phylum.

7.      Operculum is found in ________________ class.

8.      Parapodia may be found in _________________ phylum.

9.      Radula is found in __________________ phylum.

10.  Coanocytes are found in _______________ phylum.

11.  Hairs are found in _______________ class.

12.  Placoid scales are found in ___________________ class.

 

3.      “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.” Justify.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANSWERS

	A Zoological Name	B Common Name	C Phylum or Class
1	Balaenoptera	Blue whale	Mammalia
2	Psittacula	Parrot	Aves
3	Chelone	Turtle	Reptilia
4	Testuda	Tortoise	Reptilia
5	Euspongia	Bath sponge	Porifera
6	Physalia	Portuguese man-of-war	Cnidaria
7	Fasciola	Liver fluke	Platyhelminthes
8	Wuchereria	Filaria worm	Aschelminthes
9	Pheretima	Earthworm	Annelida
10	Limulus	King crab	Arthropoda
11	Pinctada	Pearl oyster	Mollusca
12	Asterias	Star fish	Echinodermata
13	Petramyzon	Lamprey	Cyclostomata
14	Trygon	Sting ray	Chondrichthyes
15	Bufo	Toad	Amphibia

 

4.      Fill in the blanks:                                                                                                                     15

1.      Pseudocoelom is present in Aschelminthes phylum.

2.      Symmetry in echinodermata is radial.

3.      Comb plates are found in Ctenophora phylum.

4.      Worm-like creatures with proboscis and collar are found in Hemichordata phylum.

5.      Reptiles have three chambered heart, except crocodile which has four chambered heart.

6.      Water canal system is found in Porifera phylum while water vascular system is found in Echinodermata phylum.

7.      Operculum is found in Osteichthyes class.

8.      Parapodia may be found in Annelida phylum.

9.      Radula is found in Mollusca phylum.

10.  Coanocytes are found in Porifera phylum.

11.  Hairs are found in Mammalia class.

12.  Placoid scales are found in Chondrichthyes class.

 

5.      “All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.” Justify.

Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata all possess a notochord at least in some stage of their life cycle. Thus, they are all Chordates. In Vertebrata the notochord is changed into a bony vertrebral column. They are, thus, called Vertebrata. But Urochordates and Chephalochordates do not have bony vertebral column. Thus, they are not Vertebrates. Therefore, all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.