To determine the pH of the given soil samples

 

Experiment No. ____                          Date______

Aim: To determine the pH of the given soil samples

Principle: pH is the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. It can be determined using pH indicators.

Materials Required: Soil samples, weighing balance, test tubes, watch glass, distilled water, pH paper, pH chart

Procedure:

1.      Weigh 1 gm of the soil sample and put it in a test tube.

2.      Add 5 ml of distilled water in the test tube and shake the mixture.

3.      Allow it to settle for 5 minutes.

4.      Pour a few drops of the water from the upper layer into a clean watch glass.

5.      Dip a pH paper into this sample in the watch glass; and match the colour with the pH chart.

6.      Note the reading.

Observation Table:

Sr no.	Soil Sample	pH
1	Garden soil
2	Road side soil
3	Pond side soil

 

Result: pH of different soil types is different.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

 Experiment no.                             Date: ____________

 

Object: To describe the given flower in semi-botanical language

1.     China Rose / Shoe Flower

Botanical name: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Family: Malvaceae   

 

Floral Characters

Flower: Bracteate, bisexual, actinomorphic, hypogynous, red

Epicalyx: 3-8 bracteoles, separate, valvate, inferior, green  

Calyx: 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate, green, persistant

Corolla: 5 petals, polypetalous, twisted, clawed,

Androecium: Infinite stamens, monoadelphous, epipetalous, anther reniform, stamina tube around gynoecium

Gynoecium: Pentacarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary, placentation axile, long style passing through stamina tube

Fruit: Capsule

Floral Formula:   Br

 

Family Identification

1.     Presence of mucus

2.     Kidney shaped anthers

3.     Presence of epicalyx

4.     Monoadelphous, infinite stamen

5.     Fruit capsule

 

      Classification

Division: Phanerogames

Subdivision: Angiospermy

Class: Dicotyledons

Subclass: Polypetalae

Category: Thalamiflorae

Order: Malvales    

Family: Malvaceae  

Wild Indigo Tephrosea purpurea

 Experiment no. 4               Date: ____________

Object: To describe the given flower in semi-botanical language

1.     Wild Indigo

Botanical name: Tephrosea purpurea

Family: Leguminosae or Fabaceae  

 Floral Characters

Flower: Bracteate, bisexual, zygomorphic, papillionaceous, pink or purple

Calyx: 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate, light green

Corolla: 5 petals, polypetalous, papillionaceous petals:outer long petal standard, two lateral petals wings and two lower boat-shaped petals keel, vexillary aestivation

Androecium: 10 stamens, diadelphous (9)+1, nine fuse to form tube near ovary, anther bilobed , introse  

Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary, placentation marginal, many ovules

Fruit: Legume pod

Floral Formula:    

 

Family Identification

1.     Flower zygpmorphic papillionaceous

2.     Diadelphous stamen

3.     Marginal placentation

4.     Inferior ovary

5.     Fruit legume

 

      Classification

Division: Phanerogames

Subdivision: Angiospermy

Class: Dicotyledons

Subclass: Polypetalae

Category: Calcaciflorae

Order: Rosales    

Family: Fabaceae

 

 

 

SPACE FOR DIAGRAMS

[Tephrosea purpurea]

 

 

 

 

 

To make a temporary slide of eukaryotic cells

Experiment No. 2                          Date: ____________

Aim: To make a temporary slide of eukaryotic cells

Material required: A bulb of onion, watch glass, forceps, brush, needle, slide, cover slip, safranin stain, glycerine, blade and microscope

Procedure:

1.     Take a piece of onion bulb and break it to get a transparent membrane peel.

2.     Using a blade cut the membrane into a piece of approximately 2 sqmm; discard the remaining parts.

3.     Stain this section of membrane with safranin in a watch glass. Use a brush or forceps.

4.     Wash this stained part with water to remove the excess stain.

5.     Using a brush or forceps, place this section on a clean slide; put some glycerine on it. Place a clean cover slip over it using a needle.

6.     Remove the excess glycerine using a blotting paper.

7.     Observe the slide under a microscope.

Observation:

1.     Several layers of rectangular, compactly packed cells can be seen under the microscope.

2.     A cell wall is seen around the cell and a well defined nucleus can be seen inside each cell. 

3.     Intercellular spaces are not found between the cells.

Precautions:

1.     The membrane must be placed in a single layer on the slide; not in double layers.

2.     The slide must be neat and clean and without air bubbles.

3.     Focus the microscope carefully without allowing the objective lens to touch the cover slip.