Structural Organisation in Animals, Worksheet Class 11 Chapter 7

 

Name: ______________________ Roll no. _____, Class 11 Biology, Chapter 7

A          Fill in the blanks.                                                                                   17

1.      Three types of cell junctions are found in the ________ and other tissues. These are called ___________, _________ and _________.

2.      Cartilage, bone, blood and adipose tissue are specialized ________ tissue.

3.      _________ is a fluid tissue with _________ functions.

4.      _________ tissue is a reservoir of stored food.

5.      Skeletal muscle is the muscle tissue attached to ___________.

6.      _________________ muscle is a component of internal organs.

7.      ________________ are the basic units of nervous tissue.

8.      Endocrine glands secrete mucus, ________, earwax, _______, milk, ________ etc.

9.      The bone cells are also called _______; and they are present in the spaces called _________.

10.  Full form of PCT is ______________________________________________.

 B         Match Columns A and B                                                                          4

A	B
1.      Neuroglea	a)      Adipose tissue
2.      Collagen fibres	b)      Nervous tissue
3.      Fat	c)      Connective tissue
4.      Platelets	d)      Blood

 

C          What are the cellular components of blood?                                           2

            __________________________________________________________________

            _________________________________________________________________

            __________________________________________________________________

            __________________________________________________________________

 

D          Describe various types of epithelial tissues with the help of labeled diagrams.   2

 

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Morphology of Flowering Plants, 11 Worksheet 5

 Name: ____________________ Roll no. __________, Class 11 Biology, Chapter 5

A          Fill in the blanks.                                                                                             5

1.      The swollen end of the stalk or pedicel is called ___________ or _____________.

2.      When a flower can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the centre, it is said to be ______________; or else it said to be ______________.

3.      When calyx and corolla are undifferentiated, it is called ___________.

 B         Match Columns A and B                                                                                8

A	B
1.      Syncarpous	a)      Sterile stamen
2.      Staminode	b)      Carpels fused
3.      Polysepalous	c)      Sepals united
4.      Polyandrous	d)      Stamens attached to petals
5.      Gamosepalous	e)      Carpels free
6.      Epipetalous	f)       Sepals free
7.      Apocarpous	g)      Stamens in two bundles
8.      Diadelphous	h)      Stamens free

 

C          Name any two types of aestivation in corolla: ______, _______      2

D          Write the floral formula of Solanaceae: _______________               2

E          Write the floral formula of Liliaceae: _______________                   2

F          Name three fruits which are berries: _________________________ 3

G          Name a plant which has six tepals: ______________                         1

H          Name a fruit which has marginal placentation: ______                       1

I           Draw the floral diagrams of Solanaceae and Liliaceae:                         6

Solanaceae

Liliaceae

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Uses of Algae

Hello!

Algae that we see in water bodies is actually very useful to human beings and animals. Do you know some of their uses? 

Let's see some of them here:

1. Algae, in form of sea weeds, are used as source of food, e.g., Porphyra, Ulva, Laminaria, etc.

2. Algae are used to produce commercial products like agar agar, a jelly like substance Eg Gelidium, Gracilaria etc. Agar agar is also used as culture media in biotechnology laboratory. 

3. Algae are also useful for producing medicines. Antibiotics are produced from certain algae. 

4. Algae like Nostoc, Anabaena etc. are used as manure or living manure; because they can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds. 

5. Algae like Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, etc. are used in purification of sewage or ponds; because they help in bacterial decomposition by providing oxygen. 

6. Algae like Chlorella, Synecoccus, etc are used in space travels; because they provide oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. 

7. Algae like Laminaria, Fucus, Ascophyllum etc. are used to extract iodine; and Polysiphonia, Rhodymenia are used to extract bromine. 

Can you add some more points here? 

Plant Kingdom

Hello, Readers! 

Let's have a look at the Plant Kingdom. 

Plant kingdom includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms anda angiosperms 

ALGAE

Algae reproduce vegetatively by

fragmentation, asexually by formation of different types of spores and sexually by formation of gametes.

Depending on the type of pigment 

and stored food, algae are classified into three classes, namely Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

Eg: Green algae (i) Volvox (ii) Chlamydomonas (iii) Chara

Brown algae (i) Laminaria (ii) Fucus (iii) Dictyota

Red algae (i) Porphyra (ii) Polysiphonia

BRYOPHYTES

Bryophytes are plants that live on land but are dependent on water for

sexual reproduction. Their body is more differentiated than that of algae. 

They possess root-like, leaf-like and stem-like structures.

The bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses. 

Eg: Liverworts – Marchantia, Riccia

Mosses – (c) Funaria, Sphagnum

PTERIDOPHYTES

In pteridophytes, the main plant is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. These organs possess well-differentiated vascular tissues The sporophytes bear sporangia which produce spores. The spores germinate to form gametophytes. The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia, respectively. 

Eg: Ferns, Seleginela 

GYMNOSPERMS 

The gymnosperms are the plants in which ovules are not enclosed by any

ovary wall. After fertilisation the seeds remain exposed and therefore these plants are called naked-seeded plants. The gymnosperms produce microspores and megaspores which are produced in microsporangia and megasporangia borne on the sporophylls. 

Eg: Cycas, Pines 

ANGIOSPERMS

In angiosperms, the male sex organs (stamen) and female sex organs (pistil) are borne in a flower.  One male gamete fuses with egg cell

(syngamy) and other fuses with diploid secondary nucleus (triple fusion). This phenomenon of two fusions is called double fertilisation and is found only in angiosperms. The angiosperms are divided into two classes – the dicotyledons and the monocotyledons.

Eg: Peas, Rose, Neem tree etc

       Wheat, Maize, Bajra etc 

Biological Classification

Hello, readers! 

Today let's understand Classification of Living things.

Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by Aristotle. 

Linnaeus classified all living organisms into two kingdoms - Plants and Animals.

Robert whittaker proposed an elaborate five kingdom classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. 

Monera: unicellular, prokaryotic, autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms. Eg bacteria

1. Archaebacteria: Halophiles, thermoacidophils, methanogens etc. 

2. Eubacteria: Autotrophic bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria etc.

Protista: unicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic or heterotrophic organisms. 

1. Chrysophytes: plant like, golden algae and diatoms. 

Diatoms have soap-box like silica shells. 

2. Dinoflagellates: plant like, red, yellow, green, brown or blue cells. May have strong cellulose plates with two flagella. 

3. Euglenoids: plant like, has protein pellicle layer on cell. May have two flagella, a long and a short.

4. Slime moulds: fungus like, saprophytes, collectively called plasmodium - spores are formed for reproduction in unfavorable conditions. 

5. Protozoa: animal like, predators or parasites, 

Amoeboid protozoa, flagellated protista, ciliated protozoa and sporozoans.

Fungi:

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms. 

1. Phycomycetes: aseptate and coenocytic mycelium

2. Ascomycetes: mycelium is branched and septate, 

3. Basidiomycetes: mycelium branched and septate, 

4. Deuteromycetes: mycelium branched and septate, only asexual reproduction is discovered in them. 

Plantae: multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic organisms with cell wall of cellulose. Shows alternation of generation

Animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms without cell wall. 

Viruses, viroids, prions and lichens are not included in any of the five kingdoms. 

The Living World

Hello!

These are the important points on The Living World. 

Living organisms are self replicating, evolving and self regulating, interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli. 

Metabolism, cellular organisation and consciousness are the defining characteristics of living things. While growth and reproduction are important characteristics but not defining characteristics of living things. 

Taxonomy includes the rules and principles for identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms. 

Binomial nomenclature is the most convenient and the most popular system. It was given by Carolus Linnaeus. 

The main taxonomic categories are: Kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus and species.

The taxonomical aids are: 

Herbarium, botanical gardens, museum, zoological parks and key.

Nilgai

Readers,

This is the largest antelope of this region. It is called blue bull or nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus). 

It is blueish-grey in colour and has horns, this means it is an adult male. The females and the young ones are of orange-tawny colour and don't have horns. 

These animals are seen solitary, in pair or in small herds. They often enter the farms and spoil the crop. 

Mustard

The Mustard (Brassica juncea) crop is grown in this region during winter. Their yellow flowers in the farm virtually change the farm into a garden; and the landscape becomes wonderful. 

Mustard oil is extracted from their seeds; and leaves can be used as green vegetable. 

Yellow-fruit nightshade

This plant is called yellow-fruit nightshade or कन्टकरी. Its botanical name is Solanum virginianum. This thorny herb grows in wild, on roadside and near farms. 

It bears beautiful, purple flowers and brinjal-like fruit. 

It is considered to be a poisonous plant. However, it has several medicinal uses also.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

According to Blackman's law of limiting factors, if a chemical process is affected by more than one factor, then the rate of reaction will be determined by the factor which is nearest to its minimal value.

Photosynthesis is affected by factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and water. 

1. Light: if light increases, photosynthesis also increases upto a certain level. Then it remains constant. Plants need only 10% of the available light intensity of sunlight. Therefore, light is never a limiting factor except in case the plant is in shade or in dense forest. 

If the light intensity increases too much, it starts destroying the chlorophyll, thus, photosynthesis reduces. 

2. Carbon dioxide: if amount of carbon dioxide increases, photosynthesis also increases upto CO2 concentration of 0.05 %. Then photosynthesis reduces. 

Saturation level or optimum level of carbon dioxide for C4 plants is 360 microlitre per litre of air; and for C3 plants is 450 microlitre per litre of air. Thus, carbon dioxide is a limiting factor more for C3 plants. 

3. Temperature: if temperature increases, photosynthesis also increases upto a certain level. Then photosynthesis reduces. C3 plants have lower optimum temperature (18 to 24 degree celsius). C4 plants have a little higher optimum temperature (30 to 40 degree celsius). 

4. Water: if available water is more, photosynthesis increases up to a certain level. Then there is no effect. If water available is less, the stomata do not open fully. So absorption of carbon dioxide is less. Thus, photosynthesis will also be less.